Infertility

What is infertility?

Infertility refers to the inability to conceive a child or carry a pregnancy to full term after having regular, unprotected sexual intercourse for at least a year. It affects an estimated 1 in 8 couples, making it a common condition.

There are two main types of infertility:

• Primary infertility refers to cases where a woman has never been able to have a child, despite trying for over a year.


• Secondary infertility is when a woman is unable to have a child after previously giving birth without fertility assistance.

Infertility can be caused by a wide range of factors affecting both men and women.

Common causes in women:

• Ovulation disorders - failure to ovulate regularly or at all


• Blocked fallopian tubes - often due to pelvic inflammatory disease


• Endometriosis


• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)


• Advancing maternal age

Common causes in men:

• Low sperm count or quality


• Abnormal sperm function


• Testicular issues


• Genetic factors

In 30-40% of cases, infertility arises from issues in both partners.

Diagnosing the underlying cause(s) through examinations and tests is key for determining the optimal fertility treatment approach. Common tests include:

• Semen analysis


• Ovulation testing


• Hysterosalpingography - x-ray to check fallopian tubes


• Laparoscopy - surgery to view pelvic organs

Treating Infertility

Depending on causes identified, some common fertility treatments are:

• Fertility medications - Clomiphene citrate and gonadotropins to stimulate ovulation


• Intrauterine insemination (IUI) - Inserting sperm directly into the uterus


• In vitro fertilization (IVF) - Fertilizing eggs with sperm in a lab and transferring to the uterus


• Assisted reproductive technology (ART) - Encompasses IVF and other advanced techniques

Newer advancements like preimplantation genetic testing also help identify chromosomally normal embryos to transfer.

Success rates vary greatly depending on age and other factors. Engaging a skilled reproductive endocrinologist can make a significant difference.

I hope this overview gives you a good understanding of what infertility entails. Let me know if you have any other questions!